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BIOCHEMISSTRY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ER20-23T
CHAPTER -01
Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy; Cell and its biochemical organization.
CHAPTER -02
Carbohydrates
- Definition, classification with examples, chemical properties
- Monosaccharides – Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
- Disaccharides – structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
- Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen
- Qualitative tests and biological role of carbohydrates
CHAPTER -03
Proteins
- Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
- Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with examples
- Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
- Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids
- Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.
CHAPTER -04
Lipids
- Definition, classification with examples
- Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
- Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples
- Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
- Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body
- Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
CHAPTER -05
Nucleic acids
- Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
- Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
- Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
CHAPTER -06
Enzymes
- Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
- Factors affecting enzyme activity
- Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
- Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes
CHAPTER -07
Vitamins
- Definition and classification with examples
- Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
CHAPTER -08
UNIT-01
Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)
- Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose level. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates
UNIT-02
- Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
UNIT-03
- Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
- Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain
CHAPTER -09
- Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements
CHAPTER -10
Water and Electrolytes
- Distribution, functions of water in the body
- Water turnover and balance
- Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
- Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy
CHAPTER -11
- Introduction to Biotechnology
CHAPTER -12
Organ function tests
- Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical significances
- Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical significances Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
CHAPTER -13
Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
- Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
- Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance